Ivan Pavlov:
1. What was Pavlov actually studying when he developed his theory of classical conditioning?

He was studying digestive processes in dogs when he develped his theory of classical conditioning.
2. Explain (in detail) how Pavlov's experiment was conducted.

In his experient, Pavlov put a small tube in the dogs cheek in order to capture saliva. Using a metronome to stimulate the dog , he gave the dog food. Then the dog salivated into the tube. He did this so many times and eventually, the dog woudl salivate when it heard the sound of the metronome. This automatic learning process was called classical conditioning.

3. Identify the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response from Pavlov's experiment.

The conditional stimulus was the metronome. The unconditioned stimulus was teh food. The conditioned response was the salivation.

4. Explain what extinction means in relation to classical conditioning.

Extinction means when you stop pairing the unconditioned stimulus with the conditioned stimulus, like the metronome and the food, and the dog begins to respond to the metronome without the food. This is called extinction because the conditioned response disapears.

5. Explain what stimulus generalization means in relation to classical conditioning.

Stimilus generalization is when the conditioned stimulus creates similar responses after the response has been conditioned.

6. Explain what sstimulus discrimination means in relation to classical conditioning.

It is when the subject is able to find teh difference between a conditioned stimulus and other things similar to it.

7. Explain at least two limitations of this experiment.

First is that it is difficult to copy it because of the specific procedure
Second is taht because humans and dogs have different learning capacities

8. Explain what Pavlov theorized about how we learn.

He theorized that the basic of learning is associative learning. It is when the being makes associations between objects in the enviroment.

http://psychology.about.com/od/classicalconditioning/a/pavlovs-dogs.htm



John B. Watson:

1. Explain (in detail) how Watson's "Little Albert" study was conducted.

The Little Albert study that John Watson attempted to do was to stimulate fear in a little boy named Albert. Watson first presented Albert with a different types of animals such as rat, monkey, dog, etc. After Albert was accustomed to these animals, Watson made a loud noise behind the baby's head, stimulating fear. Then he brought up the animals again and he found out that Albert began to fear the loud noise with the animals. Concluding that he officially became afraid of furry aniamls.

2. Identify the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response from Watson's study

The conditioned stimulus was the rat and animals. The unconditioned stimulus was the loud noise. The conditioned response was teh cry of teh baby when he was near the rat and animals.

3. Explain at least two limitations of this study.

One is that it was very unethical, because it is creating fear in an innocent child and so it can't be doen again. The second is that he only used one baby to experiment.

4. Explain Watson's law of frequency.

Watson also stated a law of frequency, where he said that the more frequent a stimulus and response occur, the stronger the habit will be

5. Explain Watson's law of recency.

It stated that the response that has most recently occurred after a particular stimulus is the response most likely to be associated with that stimulus.
6. Explain the basic assumptions of behaviorism according to Watson.

Watson called behaviorism the study of people's responses by predicting actions. He believed that people's actions and emotions could be predicted and controlled.

http://www.psychology.sbc.edu/Little%20Albert.htm
http://teachnet.edb.utexas.edu/~Lynda_abbot/Behaviorism.html

3 Selected Articles About Sleep

High School Students With A Delayed School Start Time Sleep Longer, Report Less Daytime Sleepiness

1. American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 22nd Annual Meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies, Norwalk Hospital's Sleep Disorders Center
2. They did studies on 259 schools and they found out that students only get 7.03 hours of sleep. They wanted to see what effect it would have if they delayed the school to start a bit longer than the actual time.
3. As a result most of the students said that they didnt have sleepiness problems.
4. I think that delaying the school starting time to start a about an hour later would affect the students activity during the day positively.

Being A Night Owl In High School Is Linked With Lower College GPA

1. 23rd Annual Meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies, Hendrix College in Conway
2. Researchers found out that people who tend to do work during the evenings or later during the night have poorer sleep hygiene and their academic results are not as good.
3. Results show peopel who study in the evening got a lower GPA than morning and intermediate types. Change in sleep behavior could result in improvement in academics and even get a higher GPA.
4. I think that if I was a senior in that position and i work late at night and dont sleep much my work and grade will be less than if i work early and sleep more.

Performing Under Sleep Deprivation: Its In Your Genes

1. University of Surrey's Sleep Research Center
2. They performed a research of how sleep deprivation could be realted to genes. Scientists and psychologists compared how people with only the longer gene variant and those possessing only the shorter one coped with being kept awake for two days.
3. They found out that some people struggled but eventually they concluded that individuals with the longer variant of the gene did very poorly on tests for attention and working memory.
4. I think that sleep deprivation may be a cause from genes. People with longer gene variants and shorter gene variants were tested and as a result it was proven true.