Edward Thorndike:
1. Explain Thorndike's puzzle-box experiment.
He made a puzzle box and then put a cat inside. Then the cat had to escpa ethe box and reach the goal(food).
2. Explain Thorndike's "Law of Effect".
The law of effect stated that the likely recurrence of a response is generally governed by its consequence or effect generally in the form of reward or punishment
3. Explain Thorndike's "Law of Exercise".
The law of exercise in brief explanation is that some stuff cannot be explained by observation and that we have perform the action.
B.F. Skinner:
1. Explain Skinner's concept of Operant Conditioning
Skinner's concept said that reinforcement and punishment both affect the behaviors in same and different ways.
2. What does reinforcement always do?
Reinforcement increases teh behavior
3. What does a punishment alsways do?
Punishment decreases teh behavior
4. Explain the difference between "postive" and "negative" as they are used in opernat conditioning.
Positive reinforcemnet would be like giving prizes to a kid for doing good on the test and punishment would be taking away something, like an ipod from the kid.
miércoles, 1 de diciembre de 2010
martes, 23 de noviembre de 2010
Ivan Pavlov:
1. What was Pavlov actually studying when he developed his theory of classical conditioning?
He was studying digestive processes in dogs when he develped his theory of classical conditioning.
2. Explain (in detail) how Pavlov's experiment was conducted.
In his experient, Pavlov put a small tube in the dogs cheek in order to capture saliva. Using a metronome to stimulate the dog , he gave the dog food. Then the dog salivated into the tube. He did this so many times and eventually, the dog woudl salivate when it heard the sound of the metronome. This automatic learning process was called classical conditioning.
3. Identify the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response from Pavlov's experiment.
The conditional stimulus was the metronome. The unconditioned stimulus was teh food. The conditioned response was the salivation.
4. Explain what extinction means in relation to classical conditioning.
Extinction means when you stop pairing the unconditioned stimulus with the conditioned stimulus, like the metronome and the food, and the dog begins to respond to the metronome without the food. This is called extinction because the conditioned response disapears.
5. Explain what stimulus generalization means in relation to classical conditioning.
Stimilus generalization is when the conditioned stimulus creates similar responses after the response has been conditioned.
6. Explain what sstimulus discrimination means in relation to classical conditioning.
It is when the subject is able to find teh difference between a conditioned stimulus and other things similar to it.
7. Explain at least two limitations of this experiment.
First is that it is difficult to copy it because of the specific procedure
Second is taht because humans and dogs have different learning capacities
8. Explain what Pavlov theorized about how we learn.
He theorized that the basic of learning is associative learning. It is when the being makes associations between objects in the enviroment.
http://psychology.about.com/od/classicalconditioning/a/pavlovs-dogs.htm
John B. Watson:
1. Explain (in detail) how Watson's "Little Albert" study was conducted.
The Little Albert study that John Watson attempted to do was to stimulate fear in a little boy named Albert. Watson first presented Albert with a different types of animals such as rat, monkey, dog, etc. After Albert was accustomed to these animals, Watson made a loud noise behind the baby's head, stimulating fear. Then he brought up the animals again and he found out that Albert began to fear the loud noise with the animals. Concluding that he officially became afraid of furry aniamls.
2. Identify the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response from Watson's study
The conditioned stimulus was the rat and animals. The unconditioned stimulus was the loud noise. The conditioned response was teh cry of teh baby when he was near the rat and animals.
3. Explain at least two limitations of this study.
One is that it was very unethical, because it is creating fear in an innocent child and so it can't be doen again. The second is that he only used one baby to experiment.
4. Explain Watson's law of frequency.
Watson also stated a law of frequency, where he said that the more frequent a stimulus and response occur, the stronger the habit will be
5. Explain Watson's law of recency.
It stated that the response that has most recently occurred after a particular stimulus is the response most likely to be associated with that stimulus.
6. Explain the basic assumptions of behaviorism according to Watson.
Watson called behaviorism the study of people's responses by predicting actions. He believed that people's actions and emotions could be predicted and controlled.
http://www.psychology.sbc.edu/Little%20Albert.htm
http://teachnet.edb.utexas.edu/~Lynda_abbot/Behaviorism.html
1. What was Pavlov actually studying when he developed his theory of classical conditioning?
He was studying digestive processes in dogs when he develped his theory of classical conditioning.
2. Explain (in detail) how Pavlov's experiment was conducted.
In his experient, Pavlov put a small tube in the dogs cheek in order to capture saliva. Using a metronome to stimulate the dog , he gave the dog food. Then the dog salivated into the tube. He did this so many times and eventually, the dog woudl salivate when it heard the sound of the metronome. This automatic learning process was called classical conditioning.
3. Identify the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response from Pavlov's experiment.
The conditional stimulus was the metronome. The unconditioned stimulus was teh food. The conditioned response was the salivation.
4. Explain what extinction means in relation to classical conditioning.
Extinction means when you stop pairing the unconditioned stimulus with the conditioned stimulus, like the metronome and the food, and the dog begins to respond to the metronome without the food. This is called extinction because the conditioned response disapears.
5. Explain what stimulus generalization means in relation to classical conditioning.
Stimilus generalization is when the conditioned stimulus creates similar responses after the response has been conditioned.
6. Explain what sstimulus discrimination means in relation to classical conditioning.
It is when the subject is able to find teh difference between a conditioned stimulus and other things similar to it.
7. Explain at least two limitations of this experiment.
First is that it is difficult to copy it because of the specific procedure
Second is taht because humans and dogs have different learning capacities
8. Explain what Pavlov theorized about how we learn.
He theorized that the basic of learning is associative learning. It is when the being makes associations between objects in the enviroment.
http://psychology.about.com/od/classicalconditioning/a/pavlovs-dogs.htm
John B. Watson:
1. Explain (in detail) how Watson's "Little Albert" study was conducted.
The Little Albert study that John Watson attempted to do was to stimulate fear in a little boy named Albert. Watson first presented Albert with a different types of animals such as rat, monkey, dog, etc. After Albert was accustomed to these animals, Watson made a loud noise behind the baby's head, stimulating fear. Then he brought up the animals again and he found out that Albert began to fear the loud noise with the animals. Concluding that he officially became afraid of furry aniamls.
2. Identify the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response from Watson's study
The conditioned stimulus was the rat and animals. The unconditioned stimulus was the loud noise. The conditioned response was teh cry of teh baby when he was near the rat and animals.
3. Explain at least two limitations of this study.
One is that it was very unethical, because it is creating fear in an innocent child and so it can't be doen again. The second is that he only used one baby to experiment.
4. Explain Watson's law of frequency.
Watson also stated a law of frequency, where he said that the more frequent a stimulus and response occur, the stronger the habit will be
5. Explain Watson's law of recency.
It stated that the response that has most recently occurred after a particular stimulus is the response most likely to be associated with that stimulus.
6. Explain the basic assumptions of behaviorism according to Watson.
Watson called behaviorism the study of people's responses by predicting actions. He believed that people's actions and emotions could be predicted and controlled.
http://www.psychology.sbc.edu/Little%20Albert.htm
http://teachnet.edb.utexas.edu/~Lynda_abbot/Behaviorism.html
lunes, 1 de noviembre de 2010
3 Selected Articles About Sleep
High School Students With A Delayed School Start Time Sleep Longer, Report Less Daytime Sleepiness
1. American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 22nd Annual Meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies, Norwalk Hospital's Sleep Disorders Center
2. They did studies on 259 schools and they found out that students only get 7.03 hours of sleep. They wanted to see what effect it would have if they delayed the school to start a bit longer than the actual time.
3. As a result most of the students said that they didnt have sleepiness problems.
4. I think that delaying the school starting time to start a about an hour later would affect the students activity during the day positively.
Being A Night Owl In High School Is Linked With Lower College GPA
1. 23rd Annual Meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies, Hendrix College in Conway
2. Researchers found out that people who tend to do work during the evenings or later during the night have poorer sleep hygiene and their academic results are not as good.
3. Results show peopel who study in the evening got a lower GPA than morning and intermediate types. Change in sleep behavior could result in improvement in academics and even get a higher GPA.
4. I think that if I was a senior in that position and i work late at night and dont sleep much my work and grade will be less than if i work early and sleep more.
Performing Under Sleep Deprivation: Its In Your Genes
1. University of Surrey's Sleep Research Center
2. They performed a research of how sleep deprivation could be realted to genes. Scientists and psychologists compared how people with only the longer gene variant and those possessing only the shorter one coped with being kept awake for two days.
3. They found out that some people struggled but eventually they concluded that individuals with the longer variant of the gene did very poorly on tests for attention and working memory.
4. I think that sleep deprivation may be a cause from genes. People with longer gene variants and shorter gene variants were tested and as a result it was proven true.
1. American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 22nd Annual Meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies, Norwalk Hospital's Sleep Disorders Center
2. They did studies on 259 schools and they found out that students only get 7.03 hours of sleep. They wanted to see what effect it would have if they delayed the school to start a bit longer than the actual time.
3. As a result most of the students said that they didnt have sleepiness problems.
4. I think that delaying the school starting time to start a about an hour later would affect the students activity during the day positively.
Being A Night Owl In High School Is Linked With Lower College GPA
1. 23rd Annual Meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies, Hendrix College in Conway
2. Researchers found out that people who tend to do work during the evenings or later during the night have poorer sleep hygiene and their academic results are not as good.
3. Results show peopel who study in the evening got a lower GPA than morning and intermediate types. Change in sleep behavior could result in improvement in academics and even get a higher GPA.
4. I think that if I was a senior in that position and i work late at night and dont sleep much my work and grade will be less than if i work early and sleep more.
Performing Under Sleep Deprivation: Its In Your Genes
1. University of Surrey's Sleep Research Center
2. They performed a research of how sleep deprivation could be realted to genes. Scientists and psychologists compared how people with only the longer gene variant and those possessing only the shorter one coped with being kept awake for two days.
3. They found out that some people struggled but eventually they concluded that individuals with the longer variant of the gene did very poorly on tests for attention and working memory.
4. I think that sleep deprivation may be a cause from genes. People with longer gene variants and shorter gene variants were tested and as a result it was proven true.
martes, 28 de septiembre de 2010
The Teenage Brain
Have you as a parent ever wondered why your teenager kids are often so moody? Parents often forget that teenagers are still kids and that their brains are still developing. They treat teenagers almost as if teenagers are grownups and that they can do everything by themselves with responsibility. However, for teenagers, the years of puberty is chaos for each and every one of them. A good example of this would be Charlie form the video. Charlie is a teenager who doesnt get along with his parents very well. His brain is in the process of developing into a fully grown adult brain. Teenagers need at about 9 hours of sleep in order to be active in anything the next day (It was experimented by some scientists testing two teenagers). When teenagers get a good night sleep of about 9 hours then they can think better, learn better, and be more active in activities. It is a Irony that when teenagers brains are the most vulnerable they tend to do risky things. In conclusion, I learned that the teenage brain is very vulnerable and is still in the process of develping into a full adult brain. That is why I figured out that the teenage years are the most important in our lives because depending on what we do determines the future.
lunes, 27 de septiembre de 2010
How Our Brains Work
1. What does the word "hemisphere" refer to when talking about the brain?
The word hemispehre refers to the 2 sides of the brain.
2. What are the major differences between the left and right sides of the brain?
The major differences are that each side controls different tasks. For example, the left side controls logic and right controls the artistic and creativeness.
3. What is the corpus collasum?
It is a white flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex that connects the two hemispheres of the brain.
4. Explain the study performed by Paul Broca in which he discovered "Broca's Area."He was a French Physician, anatomist and the frontol lobe region of the brain was named after him. He researched some people in order to discover the function of the brain.
5. Explain the study conducted by Roger Sperry in regard to "split brain."
Split brain is when the brains corpus callosum that connects the two hemispheres is severly damaged which causes the person to be unable to name thing and just becomes a different person.
6. Explain the study conducted by Karl Wernicke which led to the discovery of Wernicke's Area."
Karl Weknicke a German neurologist was a person who hypothesized a link between the left posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus and the reflexive mimicking of words and their syllables that associated the sensory and motor images of spoken words. Which led him to the discovery of the Wenickes Area.
7. Which lobe is most responsible for vision?
occipital lobe
8. Which lobe is most responsible for hearing and language?
temporal lobe
9. Which lobe is most responsible for performing math calculations?
nuclei (the most anterior area of the brain)
10. Which lobe is most responsible for judgment, reasoning and impulse control?
Frontal lobe
The word hemispehre refers to the 2 sides of the brain.
2. What are the major differences between the left and right sides of the brain?
The major differences are that each side controls different tasks. For example, the left side controls logic and right controls the artistic and creativeness.
3. What is the corpus collasum?
It is a white flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex that connects the two hemispheres of the brain.
4. Explain the study performed by Paul Broca in which he discovered "Broca's Area."He was a French Physician, anatomist and the frontol lobe region of the brain was named after him. He researched some people in order to discover the function of the brain.
5. Explain the study conducted by Roger Sperry in regard to "split brain."
Split brain is when the brains corpus callosum that connects the two hemispheres is severly damaged which causes the person to be unable to name thing and just becomes a different person.
6. Explain the study conducted by Karl Wernicke which led to the discovery of Wernicke's Area."
Karl Weknicke a German neurologist was a person who hypothesized a link between the left posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus and the reflexive mimicking of words and their syllables that associated the sensory and motor images of spoken words. Which led him to the discovery of the Wenickes Area.
7. Which lobe is most responsible for vision?
occipital lobe
8. Which lobe is most responsible for hearing and language?
temporal lobe
9. Which lobe is most responsible for performing math calculations?
nuclei (the most anterior area of the brain)
10. Which lobe is most responsible for judgment, reasoning and impulse control?
Frontal lobe
lunes, 20 de septiembre de 2010
Phineas Gage
1. Who was Phineas Gage?
Phineas Gage was an American foreman in a railroad construction. He is mostly remembered for surviving an accident in which an iron rod was penetrated through his head.
2. Describe the event which caused his injury.
On September 13, 1848, the 25 year old Gage whose job was to blast rocks while preparing the roadbed for the Rutland &Burlington Railroad. After a hole was bored in a rock, he added blasting powder, sand, and adjusting an iron rod. The powder exploded and caused the iron rod to penetrate Gage’s head, therefore, damaging the frontal lobe of his brain.
3. What happened to him as a result of his injuries?
The iron rod which was penetrated in his head did not cause him to die however, it greatly affected his personality and behavior permanantly.
4. What did we learn about the brain based on this case study?
We learned that all people have different sections in our brain controlling different parts. In this case, if the brains frontal lobe is affected then you lose the ability to control your behavior, just like Phineas Gage.
5. Explain the idea of brain localization?
Brain Localization is the idea of the brain being able to control different parts of the body. Also, it means that if a part of the brain is damaged then some function depending on the part of the brain would be hard to function.
6. Explain the concept of brain lateralization?
Brain Lateralization is the concept of the human brain spliting into two distinct hemispheres. Each side resembles each other and is basically mirrored.
Pictures
Citations
miércoles, 8 de septiembre de 2010
Nature vs. Nurture - the Debate
Who first used the term Nature Vs. Nurture?
The terms "nature" and "nurture" as the roles of genetics and environment in human maturity can be traced back to 13th century in France. It was obviously debated by many people however; Francis Galton was the first person to coin this term.
What are a few of the topics that are part of the debate?
For many decades many topics were discussed by people for the term "Nature Vs. Nurture". One of the few topics that are still being debated is Homosexuality. The recent debate is whether or not homosexuality is an end result of a person's environment and surroundings, or of his herdity and genetics. Another debate that is talked about alot is "Criminal Acts". Debates of criminal acts referring to whether or not the crminal act is a result of a persons enviroment and surroundings while growing up or by heredity and genes.
What is the general consensus (overall belief) of the "dabate"?
Well according to psychologist Donald Hebb. He once answered to a journalist's question of "which, nature or nurture, contributes more to personality?" and in response Donald Hebb said, "Which contributes more to the area of a rectangle, its length or its width?". So like the statement mentioned above the debate of Nature Vs. Nurture is usually 50 to 50. But according to a website, 34%/240 votes believe that "Nature" has a stronger influence and 66%/460 votes belive that "urture"is more influencial.
What do you think?
I believe that "nurture" has a stronger influence in this topic. I think of this because when I was little I used to be like the little boy in the video we saw who had a "unknwon gender". I wasnt very similar to the boy however, I was a bit similar when it comes to being sort of girlish. But as I was growing my parents enforced me to act more like my sex. I belive that people can chnage accroding to their enviroment.
Pictures
The terms "nature" and "nurture" as the roles of genetics and environment in human maturity can be traced back to 13th century in France. It was obviously debated by many people however; Francis Galton was the first person to coin this term.
What are a few of the topics that are part of the debate?
For many decades many topics were discussed by people for the term "Nature Vs. Nurture". One of the few topics that are still being debated is Homosexuality. The recent debate is whether or not homosexuality is an end result of a person's environment and surroundings, or of his herdity and genetics. Another debate that is talked about alot is "Criminal Acts". Debates of criminal acts referring to whether or not the crminal act is a result of a persons enviroment and surroundings while growing up or by heredity and genes.
What is the general consensus (overall belief) of the "dabate"?
Well according to psychologist Donald Hebb. He once answered to a journalist's question of "which, nature or nurture, contributes more to personality?" and in response Donald Hebb said, "Which contributes more to the area of a rectangle, its length or its width?". So like the statement mentioned above the debate of Nature Vs. Nurture is usually 50 to 50. But according to a website, 34%/240 votes believe that "Nature" has a stronger influence and 66%/460 votes belive that "urture"is more influencial.
What do you think?
I believe that "nurture" has a stronger influence in this topic. I think of this because when I was little I used to be like the little boy in the video we saw who had a "unknwon gender". I wasnt very similar to the boy however, I was a bit similar when it comes to being sort of girlish. But as I was growing my parents enforced me to act more like my sex. I belive that people can chnage accroding to their enviroment.
Pictures
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